W10 Emotional Development 1. Baby Andrew is 7 months old. Which of the following is Andrew likely to express? Fear of unfamiliar people Smiling at strangers Guilt and/or shame Anger when their control of the environment is taken away 2. Baby Alice is 9 months old and is afraid of loud noises and the visual cliff. By the time she is 20 months old, she is likely to show a fear response towards: Loud noises only Neither loud noises nor the visual cliff The visual cliff only Loud noises and the visual cliff 3. Rahim smiles when his aunt gives him a coconut cake on his birthday, even though he doesn’t like coconut. What sort of emotional display is Rahim using? An ambivalent display rule A verbal display rule A self-protective display rule A prosocial display rule 4. According to researchers, emotions generally involve three aspects. Which of the following is NOT one of these aspects? Physiological response Cognition Behaviour Social reinforcement 5. Which theory argues that emotions are innate, distinct from one another from very early in life, and packaged with specific bodily reactions? Functionalist Approach Social Learning Theory Discrete Emotions Theory Cognitive Developmental Theory 6. According to the functionalist approach (Campos et al., 1994), what is the basic function of emotions? To communicate biological needs to the mother To release physiological tension To mimic the facial expressions of caregivers To promote action toward achieving a goal 7. In the context of emotion characteristics, what is the goal connected with the emotion of "Disgust"? Maintaining physical integrity Attaining an invested end state Meeting internalised values Avoiding contamination or illness 8. At what age do "Social Smiles" (smiles directed toward people) first emerge? 6 to 7 weeks At birth 3 to 4 months 7 months 9. Which of the following best describes the development of fear of loud noises? It emerges at 2 months and increases steadily until age 3 It is innate and remains constant throughout childhood It emerges around 12 months and peaks at age 2 It is evident around 7 months but tends to decline after 12 months 10. During the second year of life, children are most likely to express anger in which of the following situations? When they hear a loud noise When control is taken away from them When they are separated from their parents When they encounter a stranger 11. Which of the following is a characteristic of "Guilt" as opposed to "Shame"? It involves a desire to hide and be less conspicuous It is unrelated to concern about others The focus is on the self ("I am bad") It involves feelings of remorse and a desire to make amends 12. In the experiment by Barrett et al. (1993) where 2-year-olds "broke" a rigged doll, how did the children who experienced shame react? They repaired the doll immediately They told the adult about the broken doll upon their return They laughed and clowned around They avoided the adult and delayed telling them 13. At what age do children typically begin to show embarrassment when made the centre of attention? 6-7 months 12 months 3 years 15-24 months 14. Research by Furukawa et al. (2012) on self-conscious emotions found a cultural difference regarding pride. What was this difference? Japanese children were more likely to be proud of personal success than group success Western children showed no pride in personal success There were no differences between Japanese and Western children Japanese children were less likely to be proud of personal success compared to group success 15. According to Dodge et al. (1984), by the early school years, what becomes important in determining whether a child will be angered by another's action? The amount of damage caused Whether the other person is a stranger or friend The presence of a teacher The perception of others' motives and intentions 16. Young infants (4-7 months) are best at distinguishing which type of emotional expressions? Complex negative emotions like guilt Sadness vs. Anger False vs. Real emotions Basic expressions such as happiness and surprise 17. What is "social referencing," which typically begins between 8 and 12 months? Smiling at familiar people only Using self-distraction to regulate emotions Hiding emotions to protect others' feelings Reading others' cues to decide how to deal with novel situations 18. By what age do children generally become accurate in identifying sad situations (e.g., losing a pet)? 2 years 3 years 6 years 4 years 19. Which of the following is an example of a "Self-protective" display rule? Pretending to like a meal you dislike to make the cook happy Smiling when receiving a gift you don't want Crying when you are hurt to get attention Pretending not to be bothered about losing a race 20. In studies of children's understanding of display rules, which type of rule was understood better by children? Facial display rules were understood better than verbal ones Self-protective rules were understood better than prosocial ones Both were understood equally well by age 5 Verbal display rules were understood better than facial ones 21. At approximately what age do children begin to understand "emotional ambivalence" (e.g., being mad at a cat for running away but glad it came home)? 5 years 7 years 14 years 10 years 22. What is "co-regulation" in the context of infant emotion regulation? The infant regulating their own emotions by sucking their thumb Two infants influencing each other's emotional states The infant regulating the parent's emotions A caregiver providing comfort or distraction to help the child reduce distress 23. During the first year of life, how does an infant's strategy for emotion regulation typically change? They increase self-comforting behaviours and decrease self-distraction They stop using any regulation strategies and rely solely on parents They switch from cognitive strategies to physical strategies They decrease self-comforting behaviours and increase self-distraction 24. Which of the following best describes the "Action Tendency" associated with Sadness? Forward movement to eliminate obstacles Active rejection of the thing causing sadness Movement to make reparation Disengagement and withdrawal 25. When young children (preschool/primary school) develop, how does their emotional expression generally change? They become more intense and more emotionally negative Their fears shift to imaginary creatures like monsters They lose the ability to feel pride They become less intense and less emotionally negative 26. "I can't believe I did that." This statement best reflects which emotion? Shame Fear Disgust Guilt 27. Which researcher(s) are associated with the "Discrete Emotions Theory"? Campos and Saarni Piaget and Vygotsky Freud and Erikson Tomkins and Izard 28. At what age do children realise they can feel two compatible emotions simultaneously (e.g., "I'm happy and excited")? 2-3 years 10-11 years 15 years 5-7 years 29. What is the primary difference in how 2-year-olds identify emotional situations compared to 4-year-olds? 2-year-olds are better at identifying sad situations 4-year-olds can no longer identify happy situations There is no difference; both ages identify all emotions equally well 2-year-olds are accurate with happy situations but struggle with sad ones until age 4 30. Which of the following is considered a "self-comforting behaviour" used by 5-month-old infants? Looking away from a distressing stimulus Crying loudly for a parent Throwing a toy Rubbing their hands together or sucking a thumb Submit Quiz