W11 Moral Development 1. Which of the following statements about the development of the conscience is true according to the lecture notes? Children are born with an internal regulatory mechanism of behaviour that changes little over time Regular discipline involving harsh punishment is the best way to ensure a child develops an active conscience The conscience of a young child primarily reflects internalised parental standards All children firmly reject parental standards by the age of 5 2. Which of the following factors are cited in the lecture as contributing to the development of prosocial behaviour? Secure attachment Positive role models Discipline involving reasoning All of the above 3. Max is deciding whether or not to wear a bright red suit to a sombre funeral. According to Social Domain Theory, this is an example of which type of judgement? Moral judgement Social conventional judgement Personal judgement Legal judgement 4. According to Piaget's theory of moral development, a child in the 'Heteronomous morality' stage would most likely judge which of the following scenarios as "naughtier"? Accidentally breaking 10 cups while trying to help Intentionally breaking 1 cup out of anger Stealing a cookie when told not to Refusing to share a toy 5. Which of the following is a characteristic of Piaget's 'Autonomous morality' stage? Rules are regarded as fixed and unchangeable Consideration of others' intentions when evaluating behaviour Focus primarily on the consequences of an action Governance by parents' expectations only 6. Which critique of Piaget's theory is supported by research mentioned in the lecture (e.g., Grueneich, 1982)? Piaget overestimated the moral reasoning of young children Pre-operational children can identify moral dubiousness if intentions are made obvious Moral development has no cognitive component Cross-cultural studies completely refute Piaget's ideas on motive 7. In Kohlberg's 'Pre-conventional' level of moral reasoning, what is the primary focus of the individual? Upholding laws and contributing to society Maximising rewards and minimising punishment Universal ethical principles Social approval and being a "good boy/girl" 8. A child argues, "I will let you play with my toy if you let me play with yours." Which stage of Kohlberg's theory does this reflect? Stage 1: Obedience to authority Stage 2: Instrumental and exchange orientation Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations Stage 4: Social system and conscience 9. An individual reasoning at Kohlberg's Stage 4 (Social system and conscience orientation) would most likely argue that: Stealing is okay if it saves a life because life is more important than property One should steal to look like a hero to their spouse One must uphold the law to maintain social order and fulfill duties Stealing is wrong because you might get caught and go to prison 10. Which stage of Kohlberg's theory involves moral decisions based on universal ethical principles that apply regardless of majority opinion? Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Stage 6 11. Which of the following is a noted criticism of Kohlberg's theory mentioned in the lecture? It places too much emphasis on gender differences It failed to distinguish between moral issues and social conventions It suggests moral development is too fluid and not stage-like enough It focuses too heavily on non-Western cultures 12. According to Social Domain Theory, deciding whether to eat a packet of crisps for lunch is an example of a: Moral judgement Social conventional judgement Personal judgement Pre-conventional judgement 13. Research by Miller et al. (1990) regarding cultural differences in judgement found that: Children in India are more likely to view helping others as a moral duty than children in the USA Children in the USA view helping others as a strict moral obligation There is no difference between Indian and US children regarding helping behaviour Children in India view helping others as a social convention only 14. In "opacity of mind" cultures (e.g., Fiji), moral judgements tend to focus more on: The individual's intentions The consequences of a person's actions Universal human rights Personal preferences 15. Which of the following conditions helps a child typically adopt their parents' moral values? The parents use harsh discipline to enforce rules The child is securely attached The parents avoid giving any explanations for rules The child is in the pre-operational stage 16. What is the defining characteristic of "altruistic" prosocial behaviour? It is motivated by the desire for social approval It is motivated by the expectation of a reward It is motivated by conflict avoidance It is intended to benefit others for altruistic motives (e.g. empathy/sympathy) 17. How do the lecture notes distinguish between empathy and sympathy? Empathy is a feeling of concern; sympathy is an emotional reaction similar to another's Empathy is an emotional reaction similar to another's state; sympathy is a feeling of concern for another They are synonymous and can be used interchangeably Sympathy develops before empathy 18. At what age do children typically start to more clearly differentiate between another's emotional distress and their own? 6 months 1 year About age 2 7 years 19. According to twin studies (e.g., Matthews et al., 1981), what role do genetic factors play in prosocial behaviour? They have no contribution They are the sole determinant They have a modest contribution, potentially through temperament They prevent environmental influences from working 20. Which type of aggression is motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal, such as gaining possession of a toy? Hostile aggression Instrumental aggression Relational aggression Verbal aggression 21. What is the developmental trend for physical aggression in most children? It increases steadily until age 10 It emerges around 18 months, peaks at age 2, and then decreases It is nonexistent until the development of language It remains constant throughout childhood 22. Relational aggression is best described as: Physical harm caused to siblings Harming others through name-calling Harming others' peer relationships, such as by excluding them from a group Aggression aimed at obtaining a toy 23. Children prone to "reactive aggression" are particularly likely to: Anticipate positive social consequences for aggression Perceive other people's motives as hostile (Hostile Attribution Bias) Be unemotional in their aggressive acts Use aggression to fulfill a desire for an object 24. What does the research by Eron et al. (1987) suggest about the consistency of aggressive behaviour? Aggression at age 8 has no relationship to adult behaviour Children outgrow aggression by adolescence regardless of early behaviour Children identified as aggressive at age 8 had more criminal convictions at age 30 Late-onset aggression is more persistent than early-onset aggression 25. Which statement is true regarding the "Heinz dilemma"? It was used primarily by Piaget to test heteronomous morality It assesses the reasoning behind a moral decision, not just the decision itself It proves that all children naturally want to steal medicine It is a test used to diagnose antisocial personality disorder 26. In the context of antisocial behaviour, "early-onset" conduct problems are typically associated with: Peer interactions in adolescence A range of family risk factors High IQ and academic success Excessive empathy 27. Which of the following is NOT one of the three domains in Social Domain Theory? Moral Social Conventional Personal Ethical 28. "Proactive aggression" is defined as: Emotionally driven, antagonistic aggression Aggression solely used for self-protection Unemotional aggression aimed at fulfilling a need or desire Accidental physical harm 29. Regarding the biological basis of aggression, the lecture mentions that children aggressive from early in life often have: Highly developed language skills Neurological deficits such as difficulty paying attention and hyperactivity No neurological differences compared to non-aggressive children Extremely high levels of empathy 30. Who proposed that moral reasoning is self-centred in the Pre-conventional level? Piaget Kohlberg Freud Turiel Submit Quiz