Week 05 Discrimination Part 2 - Practice MCQs 1. West and Eaton's finding that most people rate themselves as less prejudiced than others illustrates which bias? Belief in a just world Illusory superiority about intelligence Fundamental attribution error Self-enhancement in judging one's own bias 2. Prejudice is defined here as a... Negative feeling toward a member of a group because of group membership Behavioural act directed toward a group member Overgeneralised belief about a group Policy that enforces equality across groups 3. Stereotypes are best described as... A behaviour that harms group members A sudden emotional reaction to group symbols A fixed, overgeneralised belief about a group Any law that segregates groups 4. Discrimination refers to... A cognitive schema that guides perception A positive evaluation of outgroups A neutral categorisation process without affect Actual behaviour with negative impact on a group 5. The "Draw a Scientist" task is used to reveal... People's ability to render accurate portraits Explicit rejection of science careers Implicit stereotypes about who counts as a scientist Memory for famous scientists' faces 6. A key limitation of explicit attitude measures noted in the slides was that respondents... Perfectly predict behaviour Avoid any social desirability concerns Cannot complete them online May give socially desirable answers 7. Reactivity in explicit measures refers to... Participants changing answers after debrief Measurement only of implicit processes The effect of time limits on memory tests Instability when people generate attitudes on the spot 8. Implicit attitudes are described as biases that... Are fully under conscious control Align precisely with declared beliefs Are activated involuntarily without awareness Cannot influence behaviour 9. Traditional discrimination was defined as bias that is... Entirely unconscious and unintentional Consciously acknowledged and openly expressed Only measured by the IAT Limited to non-verbal behaviour only 10. Aversive (modern) discrimination typically involves... Subtle, often unintentional bias from people who see themselves as fair-minded Open hostility and explicit slurs Legal policies mandating segregation Behaviour that never harms minority groups 11. A microassault is... A subtle communication that negates someone's experience Unconscious bias revealed only by reaction time A deliberate slur or action meant to hurt the target A neutral comment about group differences 12. A microinsult involves... Verbal or nonverbal cues that subtly demean someone's identity Overt physical aggression Explicit agreement with equality norms Complete avoidance of a group member 13. A microinvalidation occurs when a communication... Affirms the target's experience as valid Excludes or nullifies the reality of a minority person's experience Provides positive feedback about performance Uses data to counter stereotypes 14. System 1 thinking (Kahneman, 2011) is characterised as... Automatic, fast, and outside awareness Dependent on formal instruction Slow, effortful, and reflective Always more accurate than System 2 15. System 2 thinking is described as... Automatic and effortless Slow, effortful, and conscious Entirely emotion-driven Unrelated to explicit attitudes 16. Explicit attitudes are generated primarily by... Reflexive motor responses Random guessing System 1 processes only System 2 deliberate processing 17. Implicit attitudes are linked to... System 2 deliberate processing Conscious endorsement after reflection System 1 automatic processing Extended debate and reasoning 18. One reason for an attitude-behaviour gap is that... People never want to present themselves favourably Attitudes may be hidden or inaccessible to introspection Behaviour always perfectly matches self-reports Social norms do not affect disclosure 19. The slides argue that measuring only explicit attitudes is insufficient because... Social desirability and lack of awareness can hide true attitudes People cannot understand any questions Explicit reports never change over time Implicit biases never influence behaviour 20. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is based on the idea that people are faster when... Sorting categories unrelated to valence Guessing randomly under time pressure Sorting pairings consistent with their associations Asked to avoid using one response key 21. The IAT was first developed to measure... Racial preferences between White and Black Americans Brand preferences in consumer behaviour Memory for neutral words Visual search speed for shapes 22. According to Kim (2003), lay people... Can easily fake the IAT without instruction Always show zero bias on the IAT Never understand how the IAT works Cannot fake the IAT without detailed instructions 23. In the Shooter Task, higher implicit weapon bias toward Black targets predicted... Slower decisions to shoot Black suspects Faster decisions to shoot Black suspects No difference in response speed More accurate identification of non-weapons only 24. A correspondence study tests discrimination by... Comparing real-world arrest rates between groups Having interviewers rate videos without CVs Sending matched CVs that differ only on group cues and tracking call-backs Surveying applicant self-esteem before interviews 25. Di Stasio and Heath (2021) found that applicants with Black African, Black Caribbean, or Muslim names had to send about... The same number of CVs as British-sounding names 17% more CVs than British-sounding names 23% more CVs than British-sounding names 93% more CVs than British-sounding names 26. In Rooth's study, explicit attitude scales toward Muslims versus Swedes showed... No explicit bias, while IAT scores predicted hiring likelihood Strong explicit bias against Muslim-sounding names Bias only when names were paired with photos Perfect agreement with IAT scores for all recruiters 27. In video interviews, a messy background leading to lower competence ratings is an example of the... Halo effect Horn effect Confirmation bias Mere exposure effect 28. The halo effect occurs when... One negative cue drives overall negative judgement A single positive cue boosts overall evaluation No cues are available, so judgement is random Interviewers rely solely on CV content 29. Implicit biases, according to the workshop, tend to... Shift slowly with sustained exposure and interventions Disappear immediately after a single warning Increase only in laboratory contexts Remain unchanged regardless of input 30. Overall, reducing discriminatory behaviour requires... Focusing only on explicit attitudes Treating biases as fixed and unchangeable Ignoring contextual cues like names or backgrounds Addressing both implicit and explicit processes and situational cues Submit Quiz