Week 10 Cross-Cultural Psychology - Practice MCQs 1. In this lecture, culture was defined as... Genetically inherited personality traits shared by all humans A temporary mood that spreads through a population Purely economic resources of a society A set of meanings and practices shared by a group and enduring across generations 2. The slides highlighted that most classic psychology research suffers from which sampling bias? Over-representation of rural farmers globally Equal representation of all cultures Over-representation of WEIRD participants Exclusive focus on non-human animals 3. WEIRD stands for Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and... Democratic Dependent Diverse Determined 4. One risk of WEIRD bias is assuming... All cultures reject experiments Only genetics shape behaviour Culture cannot influence cognition Local norms are universal human behaviour 5. Markus and Kitayama (1991) contrasted which two self-construals? Independent vs. interdependent Public vs. private Autonomous vs. dependent Stable vs. unstable 6. An independent self was described as... Bounded, stable, and guided by personal attributes Flexible boundaries and responsiveness to context Defined mainly by relationships and obligations Subsumed in the collective 7. An interdependent self emphasises... Competitive achievement and personal goals Clear boundaries between self and others Obligations to the group and fluid boundaries Personal success over group harmony 8. In cross-cultural advertising examples, the U.S. Coke ad focused more on... Collective harmony Group cooperation Community rituals Individual focus and competition 9. The Japanese Coke ad example emphasised... Solo achievement Competition between individuals More people and cooperation Absence of social cues 10. Cultural differences in attribution show that the fundamental attribution error... Is weaker in collectivist contexts where situational factors are considered Is universal across all cultures Is absent in WEIRD samples only Is stronger in collectivist cultures than individualist ones 11. Kitayama and Uskul (2011) note East Asians often show what style of thinking? Highly analytic only Holistic, relationship-focused thinking Purely random judgments Exclusive reliance on stereotypes without suppression 12. Lehman et al. (2004) reported Americans tend toward... Holistic, context-oriented cognition Random guessing in tasks Spiritual explanations only Linear, analytic thinking 13. Smith and Bond's (1998) meta-analysis of Asch-style studies found higher conformity in cultures that are... Individualist, Western European Collectivist, such as Japan and Fiji Industrialized North American only All cultures equally 14. Hofstede's dimensions include power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity, time perspective, and... Self-esteem discrepancy Propinquity Individualism-collectivism Social dominance orientation 15. Fiske, Kitayama, Markus & Nisbett (1998) grouped Western European nations as... Collectivist and hierarchical Collectivist and egalitarian Individualistic and egalitarian Individualistic and hierarchical 16. Brief intercultural contact often... Eliminates stereotypes immediately Removes intergroup anxiety Enhances stereotypes and prejudices if superficial Guarantees positive attitudes 17. According to Berry's acculturation framework, high involvement with both home and dominant cultures reflects... Assimilation Separation Marginalization Integration 18. In the same framework, low involvement with both home and dominant cultures is called... Integration Separation Assimilation Marginalization 19. Ekman's work on facial expressions suggests basic emotions show... No universality across cultures Partial universality with cultural display rules shaping expression Complete invariance in expression and interpretation Universality only in WEIRD samples 20. Indigenous psychology was defined as a psychology... Created by and for a specific cultural group, understood from within That ignores cultural context to find universals Limited to biological measures Focused solely on economic behaviour 21. Intersectionality, coined by Crenshaw (1989), highlights that overlapping identities... Simply add up their effects Do not affect the self Create unique patterns of privilege or oppression Only matter for gender, not culture 22. Minority Stress Theory (Meyer, 2003) notes sexual minority stressors such as prejudice and expectation of rejection can... Reduce actual-ideal gaps automatically Increase self-discrepancy and lower self-esteem Have no impact on well-being Affect only physical health, not the self 23. Eagly & Carli's (1981) meta-analysis suggested women conformed slightly more than men... In mixed-gender groups regardless of composition Only when groups were male-dominated Only in female-dominated groups Never; no gender differences 24. Eagly, Makhijani & Klonsky (1992) found female leaders using directive styles were rated... Less favourably compared to male leaders using the same style More favourably than male leaders Identically to male leaders Only by women negatively 25. Intersectionality research (Remedios & Snyder, 2018) indicates individuals with multiple minority identities often show... Outcomes identical to single-identity minorities No effect of overlapping identities Unique patterns in self-esteem and belonging Higher privilege regardless of context 26. Bowleg (2012) argued identity is not additive, meaning researchers should... Examine identities separately only Focus solely on socioeconomic status Ignore gender to reduce complexity Analyse intersecting identities simultaneously 27. The lecture noted classic WEIRD, male, heterosexual samples risk missing... Basic cognitive processes Statistical reliability The importance of laboratory control Diversity of real human experiences shaped by intersecting identities 28. In Berry's acculturation model, assimilation involves... Low home culture retention and high dominant culture adoption High home culture retention and low dominant culture adoption High involvement in both cultures Low involvement in both cultures 29. AMAE was introduced as a Japanese concept involving... Competitive self-assertion in groups Elimination of social obligations Complete individual autonomy Interdependent indulgence and relational comfort 30. Overall, the cross-cultural lecture argues that psychological processes are... Entirely universal and culture-free Shaped by culture, cognition, values, and intersecting identities Only determined by biology and genetics Impossible to compare across cultures Submit Quiz